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Summary IB Biology Option D: Human Physiology £4.44   Add to cart
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  3. International Baccalaureate Diploma
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Summary IB Biology Option D: Human Physiology

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  • Module
  • Biology SL and HL
  • Institution
  • International Baccalaureate Diploma
  • Book
  • IB Biology Course Book

Detailed objective-by-objective summary notes for Option D: Human Physiology for IB Biology SL/HL. Contains information on everything you need to know for option D, according to each understanding, application or skill. Written by a IB HL Biology student who graduated with a 45/45.

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  • Unknown
  • March 5, 2019
  • 14
  • 2016/2017
  • Summary

Subjects

  • biology
  • ib biology
  • option d
  • human physiology
  • notes
  • summary
  • study
  • ib
  • international baccalaureate
  • hl
  • sl

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  • International Baccalaureate Diploma
  • Biology SL and HL
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Option D.1: Human physiology – Human nutrition
A balanced diet is essential to human health.

• Understanding: Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, therefore they have to be included in the diet.

 Nutrient: chemical substance found in foods and used in the human body
 Essential nutrient: nutrient that must be obtained from food (included in diet) as it cannot be synthesized by the body
 Example: water, some amino acids, some fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

• Understanding: Dietary minerals are essential chemical elements.

 Dietary mineral: essential chemical elements (often in ion form) that must be included in diet for use in human body
 Example: sodium, potassium, calcium, iron

• Understanding: Vitamins are chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body

 Vitamins: chemical diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body
 Water soluble vitamin: C, B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12)
 Fat soluble vitamin: A, D, E, K

• Understanding: Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential.

 Essential fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
 Essential amino acids: less than half (around 9) of the amino acids

• Understanding: Lack of essential amino acids affects the production of proteins.

 Protein deficiency: low consumption of essential amino acids hinder protein production

 Consequences of protein deficiency
 Not enough proteins in blood causes fluid not to be returned
 Fluid accumulate in tissues causing swollen abdomens (kwashiorkor)

• Understanding: Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet.

 Malnutrition: caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in diet

• Understanding: Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus.

 Control of appetite in human in hypothalamus
 Leptin: produced by and secreted from adipose tissues when there is a large fat deposit
 Insulin: produced by and secreted from the pancreas when there is high blood glucose level
 PYY3-36: produced by and secreted from the small intestine when it contains food

• Understanding: Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes.

 Overweight individuals with diabetes
 Type II diabetes: caused by body cells not being able to response to insulin
 Overweight individuals are likely to have a high fat or sugar intake
 High sugar intake result in high glucose level causing diabetes

 Overweight individuals with hypertension
 Hypertension: high blood pressure in the blood vessels of the body
 High body mass from overweight individuals cause the cardiac output to increase
 Abdomen obesity can increase vascular resistance

• Understanding: Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue.

 Starvation: lack of nutrient intake by the body
 Body first depletes the glycogen storage, then begin to break down muscle tissues to be converted into glucose
 Body tissues are continually broken down as an energy source during starvation

• Application: Production of ascorbic acid by some mammals, but not others that need a dietary supply.

 Ascorbic acid: also known as vitamin C, that is used in the production of collagen fibres and as anti-oxidant
 Production of vitamin C: ascorbic acid can be produced by some mammals but not in others (i.e. humans, guinea pigs)
 Need as dietary supply: the GLO gene in synthesising ascorbic acid can be mutated in various evolutionary history
 Rebound nutrient: in high vitamin C intake, body adjust to high levels and large excretion that is maintained even
after intake levels have dropped, resulting in a loss in availability of body

• Application: Cause and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU).

 Phenylketonuria (PKU): disease that causes a build-up of phenylalanine in the body causing reduced head and brain growth
 Cause of phenylketonuria: phenylalanine hydroxylase that breaks phenylalanine to tyrosine is not produced

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