Summary
Summary AQA A Level Geography Urban Contemporary Environments
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Full notes for urban contemporary environments (Mumbai and Birmingham case studies available in a bundle)
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3.2.3.1 UrbanisationGlobally the number of people living in urban areas has Urbanisation: growth in the proportion
increased dramatically sine 1945. In 1950 30% of people of people living in urban areas. It
lived in urban areas, and in 2014 50% did. In the developed usually occurs because of migration
world, the majority of people live in cities, but urban and natural increase. People often
population has only slightly increased since 1945. migrate for better access to healthcare,
schools and employment. Many
This is because urbanisation began earlier in the developed migrants are young adults - if they have
world during the Industrial Revolution. In the developing children it will increase further.
world more people live in rural areas - but this is changing Urbanisation can result in shanty towns.
fast. In many developing countries and emerging
economies, old cities are growing in size and new cities are Suburbanisation: migration of people
forming. E.g. in Beijing, China, the urban population has from city centres to the outskirts of
increased from 4.4 million in 1970 to 20.4 million in 2015. cities. As urbanisation increases, city
centres become overcrowded so
people move out. Improved transport
links means people can commute for
A megacity is an urban area with over 10 million people work.
living there e.g. Turkey. In 1950 there were only 2
megacities - Tokyo and New York. By 2014 there were 28 Counter urbanisation: movement of
and is predicted to rise to 41 in 2030. people out of the city into rural areas.
Improvements in transport means
More than 2/3 are in LEDCs e.g. Lagos, Nigeria. Megacities people can commute and technology
develop because of rural-urban migration and natural means they can work from home.
increase. Megacities dominate the national and regional People move because of house prices
economies of countries because they built their and overcrowding. It may lead to new
headquarters in cities with a high number of skilled workers housing estates being built in rural
and good transport links. areas.
A world city is an urban area that has political and financial Urban resurgence: movement of
influence over the world e.g. London. Most are in people back to the city centre. People
developed world, but some in emerging economies e.g. may move back due to a lack of jobs in
Dubai. By 1950 the only world cities were London, Paris, suburban areas, or people are attracted
Tokyo and New York. More recently economic growth in oil to new developments. It is common in
rich countries e.g .Nigeria has allowed cities e.g. Lagos to many post-industrial countries like UK
become contenders for world city status. Since 1945, world and USA. New shops and services open
cities have emerged as leaders of banking and finance e.g. in the city.
HSBC have headquarters in these cities.
World cities usually dominate international trade and
regional economies in their area e.g. Tokyo is extremely
influential in international trade between the East Asian
nations. World cities have good international transport links
that allow them to trade with the rest of the world. World
cities are generally home to world renowned universities.
They are centres for cultures - home to large, globally
influential media and communications corporations. They
attract high numbers of people.
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