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Health Science I - Human Anatomy and Physiology I Notes #2
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  • Cours
  • Health Sciences (BIOL1190)
  • Établissement
  • University Of British Columbia (UBC )
  • Book
  • Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

Covers blood, heart, blood vessels and hemodynamics, lymph and immunity and respiratory system. Includes charts, figures, and detailed explanation of every concept. Bundle version available at https://www.stuvia.com/bundle/24692/health-science-i-human-anatomy-and-physiology-bundle at $20.

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  • 11 novembre 2018
  • 34
  • 2017/2018
  • Notes de cours
  • Inconnu
  • Toutes les classes

Sujets

  • biology
  • health science
  • health sciences
  • human anatomy
  • physiology

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  • University of British Columbia (UBC )
  • Biology
  • Health Sciences (BIOL1190)
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Chapter 19: Blood
● Cardiovascular system components
○ Blood, heart and blood vessels
○ Hermatology: study of blood, tissues and blood disorders
○ Two fluids that obtain Oxygen and eliminate CO2
■ Blood: liquid CT that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular
matrix
■ Interstititial fluid: bathes body cells
● Functions:
○ Transportation: O2 to the lungs to cells of the body and CO2 from body cells to
the lungs
■ Transports heat and waste products to various organs
■ Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones to and from body cells
○ Regulate body pH and temperature, provide protection to maintain homeostasis
■ Use buffers to convert strong acids/bases to weak ones
○ Protection: can clot to protect excessive loss
■ White blood cells can do phagocytosis
● By blood proteins, antibodies, interferons, and complements
● Characteristics:
○ More viscous than water
○ Temperature: 38 degree Celsius
○ pH; 7.35-7.45
○ 20% of extracellular fluid
○ Volume: 5 to 6 liters (45% cells 55% plasma)
○ Hormones ensure homeostasis in volume and osmotic pressure (e.g.:
aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide)




● Components:

, ○ If seated for a long period of time, cellular portion will precipitate out of the
solution and form a heavy sediment below the liquid plasma.
○ RBC (40-45% in volume) - hematocrit -> 4-6 x 10^5/mm^3
■ Females: 42%, Males: 47% due to testosterone)
■ Anemia: low RBCs count
■ Polycthemia: rly high count -> raises viscosity of blood -> increase
resistance to flow -> high blood pressure and risk of stroke
● Causes: increase in RBC production, tissue hypoxia, blood
doping, use of EPO.
○ Megakaryocytes are cells that splinter into 2000-3000 fragments while still in the
red bone marrow
■ These fragments are platelets (irregularly shaped disc with many vesicles
but no nucleus)
○ Blood proteins are usually confined in plasma proteins that are synthesized by
hepatocytes
● Hemopoeisis: process by which formed elements of blood is developed
○ Occurs in yolk sac -> liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes -> red bone marrow
■ Red bone marrow is a highly vascularized CT
■ 0.05-0.1% of red bone marrow cells are pluripotent stem cells
(hemocytoblasts)
■ Formed elements do not divide like lymphocytes once they leave the red
bone marrow
○ Process:
■ Stem cells can differentiate into cells that can be used as a source of
bone, cartilage, organ replacements…
■ It starts with a cell called a proerythroblast -> divides to produce cells that
synthesize hemoglobin until it becomes a reticulocyte
● Loss of the nucleus causes the center to indent -> dat shape!
● Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria, ribosomes, and ER
■ Reticular cells produce reticular fibers that form the stroma to support red
bone marrow cells
■ Blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries enters a bone and passes
into sinuses
■ After blood cells form, hey enter the sinuses and other blood vessels and
leave the bone through nutrient and periosteal veins
○ Stem cells:
■ Myeloid stem cells: give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes…
Sometimes differentiate into progenitor cells, some known as colony-
forming units.
■ Lymphoid stem cells: give rise to lymphocytes, NK
■ Blast cells are precursor cells (monoblasts -> monocytes)
○ Hemopoietic growth factors
■ Erynthropoietin: RBCs
● Produced by cells in kidneys

, ■ Thrombopoietin: formation of platelets and megakaryocytes
● Produced by liver
■ Cytokines: small glycoproteins that act as local hormones that stimulate
proliferation of progenitor cells
● Produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages,
fibroblasts
● Two families that stimulate white blood cell formation are colony-
stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
● WHY RBC?
○ Their biconcave shape allows them to have a high oxygen carrying capacity and
allow them to deform and fit in small capillary beds
○ They also lack a mitochondria so they don’t have to use any of the oxygen they
carry
○ Plasma membrane is strong and flexible -> deform
○ Lack nucleus and organelles -> no need for metabolic activities
○ Each RBC contains ~280 million hemoglobin molecules
■ A hemoglobin molecule consists of a globin composed of 4 polypeptide
chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) and a heme
■ Center of each heme is an iron ion that can combine with one oxygen
molecule
● Hemoglobin can bind to 4 O2 molecules
● Also transport 23% of the total CO2
● Hemoglobin:
○ Transports Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
○ Regulate blood flow and blood pressure
■ Nitric Oxide - a gaseous hormone that line blood vessels - binds to
hemoglobin and gets released -> promotes vasodilation (increase in
blood vessel diameter) -> improve in blood in flo and enhance oxygen
delivery to cells
○ Red blood cells also contain carbonic anhydrase which convert CO2 to H2O to
carbonic acid, which in turn dissociated into H+ and HCO3-.
■ This reaction is good because 1) it allows 70% of CO2 to be transported
in blood plasma from tissue cells to the lungs in the form of HCO2-, 2)
serves an important buffer in extracellular fluid

, ● Hypoxia: occur when little oxygen enters the blood; oxygen delivery may also fall due to
anemia (lack of iron, lack of amino acids, lack of vitamin B)
○ Stimulates the kidneys to release erythropoietin to speed up proerythroblasts ->
reticulocytes.
● White blood cells:




● WBCs and other cells have proteins called major histocompatibility antigens
● Leukocytes: can live for a few days
○ Leukocytosis: increase in the number of WBCs above 10,000/microliter
■ Protective response to stress such as infection, exercise, anesthesia,
surgery
○ Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC counts
■ Can be caused by radiation, shock and other chemotherapeutic agents
○ Emigration of WBCs
■ Also called diapedesis) where they roll around the endothelium, stick to it
and then squeeze between endothelial cells
■ Adhesion molecules help WBCs stick to the endothelium
● E.g.: selectins in endothelial cells that stick to carbohydrates;

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